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1 to negotiate a salary
English-Russian combinatory dictionary > to negotiate a salary
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2 salary
['sælərɪ]nжалование, заработная плата, оклад- monthly salary- annual salary
- handsome salary
- modest salary
- fixed salary
- be paid a fixed salary
- boost salaries
- draw a salary
- cut salaries
- negotiate a salary
- pay a salaryCHOICE OF WORDS:В различных областях жизни заработная плата имеет разное наименование, что отражается в типовых словосочетаниях. Наиболее общее слово - pay (payment): She has lost her three weeks' pay. Она потеряла деньги, заработанные за три недели. Wages - деньги, регулярно выплачиваемые за проработанное время, часто за ручной труд: to bring up children on low wages растить детей при скудном достатке; minimum monthly wages in this industry минимальная месячная зарплата в этой области производства; wages talks переговоры о повышении зарплаты. Salary - ежемесячная заработная плата за профессиональный (не ручной) труд, часто переводится на счет в банке или выплачивается в виде чека: She earns a high salary as an accountant Она получает высокую зарплату бухгалтера; an increase in salary повышение оклада. Fee - плата за определенного вида услуги (лицу или организации): tuition fee плата за обучение; entrance fee плата за вход, вступительный взнос; registration fee регистрационный взнос; lawyer's (doctor's) fee гонорар, оплата услуг юриста (врача); The agency charges a high fee Услуги этого агентства до́роги -
3 salary
ˈsælərɪ сущ. жалованье, заработная плата;
оклад to attach smb.'s salary ≈ назначать кому-л. жалованье to boost, raise salaries ≈ поднимать зарплату to command, draw, earn, get, receive a salary ≈ получать зарплату, жалованье to cut, reduce, slash salaries ≈ урезать зарплату, оклад to negotiate a salary ≈ договариваться о зарплате to pay a salary ≈ платить зарплату to pull down амер., pull in брит. a salary ≈ загребать, зарабатывать жалованье annual salary ≈ годовая зарплата handsome salary ≈ хорошая зарплата meager, modest salary ≈ скромное, скудное жалованье fixed salary ≈ твердый оклад, фиксированная зарплата Syn: emolument, fee, honorarium, pay, remuneration, stipend, wage жалованье, оклад;
заработная плата служащего - monthly * ежемесячное жалованье - yearly * годовой оклад - a rise /increase/ of *, a raise in * прибавка к жалованью /зарплате/ - a * attached to the position должностной оклад - a * of $10,000 is attached to that office на этом посту оклад 10000 долларов - to draw a fixed * быть на твердом окладе - to increase /to raise, to augment/ salaries поднять /увеличить/ оклады - to cut /to slash/ * снизить /урезать/ оклад - he was engaged at a * of... его приняли на работу с окладом в... - he got a starting /commencing/ * of... yen для начала ему было положено жалованье в... иен annual ~ годовая зарплата annual ~ годовой оклад basic monthly ~ основная месячная ставка заработной платы basic ~ основной оклад deduction from ~ вычет из заработной платы deduction from ~ удержание из заработной платы final pensionable ~ последняя ставка жалования принимаемая в расчет при установлении пенсии fixed ~ твердый оклад gross ~ оклад до удержания налогов holiday ~ отпускное вознаграждение leave ~ плата за отпуск monthly ~ месячный оклад pensionable ~ размер оклада, учитываемый при начислении пенсии regular ~ регулярно выплачиваемый оклад salary жалование, оплата труда, заработная плата ~ жалованье;
оклад ~ жалованье ~ зарплата (служащего) ~ оклад ~ твердая ставка заработной платы ~ before deductions заработная плата без учета вычетов ~ on account заработная плата, перечисляемая на лицевой счет starting ~ исходный оклад starting ~ начальный оклад -
4 salary
['sæl(ə)rɪ]сущ.жалованье, заработная плата ( служащего); окладmeager / modest salary — скромное, скудное жалованье
to boost / raise salaries — поднимать зарплату
to draw / earn / get / receive a salary — получать зарплату
to cut / reduce / slash salaries — урезать, сокращать зарплату, оклад
to pull down a salary амер. / pull in a salary брит. — зарабатывать, получать (определённую) зарплату
fixed salary — твёрдый оклад, фиксированная зарплата
Syn: -
5 negotiate
negotiate [nɪˈgəʊ∫ɪeɪt]a. [+ sale, loan, settlement, salary] négocierb. [+ obstacle, hill, rapids] franchir ; [+ river] ( = sail on) naviguer ; ( = cross) franchir ; [+ bend in road] négocier ; [+ difficulty] surmonter━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━✎ The French word négocier has a c where the English word has a t.* * *[nɪ'gəʊʃɪeɪt] 1.transitive verb‘to be negotiated’ — ‘à négocier’
2) ( manoeuvre around) négocier [bend, turn]; franchir [obstacle]3) résoudre [problem]; surmonter [difficulty]2. 3.negotiated past participle adjective [settlement, peace, solution] négocié -
6 negotiate
(a) (business deal) négocier, traiter; (loan, treaty, salary, fee) négocier; FINANCE (bill, document) négocier, trafiquer;∎ price to be negotiated prix à débattrenégocier;∎ the unions will have to negotiate with the management for higher pay il faudra que les syndicats négocient une augmentation de salaire auprès de la direction -
7 sueldo
Del verbo soldar: ( conjugate soldar) \ \
sueldo es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativoMultiple Entries: soldar sueldo
soldar ( conjugate soldar) verbo transitivo ( con estaño) to solder; ( sin estaño) to weld
sueldo sustantivo masculino (de funcionario, oficinista) salary; ( de obrero) wage;
soldar verbo transitivo to weld
sueldo sustantivo masculino pay, wages pl; (mensual) salary ➣ Ver nota en salario
' sueldo' also found in these entries: Spanish: adelanto - aumento - cobrar - convenir - decente - doblar - ganarse - ingreso - mensualidad - mes - mínima - mínimo - miserable - neta - neto - nómina - paga - petición - plantarse - raquítica - raquítico - retener - retención - salario - subir - superior - suspensión - acabar - alcanzar - anticipar - anticipo - asesino - asignación - aumentar - bruto - cobro - comer - descuento - digno - discreto - domiciliar - fijo - ganar - ir - jugar - justo - liquidar - líquido - mensual - mezquino English: advance - attachment - bonus - decent - demand - draw - hired gun - increase - miserable - negotiate - paid - pay - raise - rise - salary - starvation - stop - stretch - take-home pay - unpaid - wage - base pay - contract - hit - subsistence - take -
8 agreement
əˈɡri:mənt сущ.
1) (взаимное) согласие (about, on) agreement of opinion ≈ единомыслие to come to an agreement ≈ прийти к соглашению to express/reach agreement ≈ достигнуть согласия complete, full, solid agreement ≈ полное согласие mutual agreement ≈ взаимное согласие tacit agreement ≈ молчаливое согласие They reached full agreement on all points. ≈ Они достигли полного соглашения по всем вопросам. by mutual agreement ≈ по обоюдному согласию We were in full agreement with them on all points. ≈ Мы были совершенно согласны с ними во всех вопросах.
2) договор, соглашение;
сдельная плата( about, on;
between;
with) to come to (conclude, enter into, negotiate, reach, work out) an agreement ≈ заключить договор to carry out an agreement ≈ выработать соглашение to break (violate;
denounce) an agreement ≈ денонсировать договор, разорвать соглашение contractual agreement ≈ договор ironclad agreement ≈ твердая договоренность legal agreement ≈ юридическое соглашение tacit agreement ≈ молчаливое согласие tentative agreement ≈ предварительная договоренность We reached a tentative agreement. ≈ Мы разработали предварительный вариант соглашения. armistice/ceasefire agreement ≈ соглашение о прекращении военных действий sales agreement ≈ договор о продаже trade agreement ≈ торговое соглашение bilateral agreement ≈ двустороннее соглашение executive agreement ≈ эксклюзивный договор gentleman's agreement ≈ джентльменское соглашение An agreement was worked out between them on all points. ≈ Они пришли к соглашению по всем вопросам. We reached an agreement with them to cooperate fully at all times. ≈ Мы заключили с ними договор о тесном и долговременном сотрудничестве. The negotiatiors came to an agreement that all troops would be withdrawn. ≈ Участники переговоров приняли решение о выводе войск. Concorde Agreement Syn: covenant
3) грам. согласование (in) grammatical agreement ≈ согласование (в грамматике) In the English 'the men push the stone, ' we have neither formal expression of the destination of the action nor formal agreement of verb and subject. ≈ В английской фразе 'люди толкают камень' нет формального выражения ни точки назначения, ни согласования глагола и подлежащего.соглашение, договор;
- collective * коллективный договор;
- armistice * соглашение о перемирии;
- procedural * соглашение по процедурным вопросам;
- as part of the * в рамках соглашения согласие;
договоренность;
- by mutual * по взаимному согласию;
- * of opinion единомыслие;
- in * with smth. в соответствии с чем-л;
- * among the members единство мнений среди членов;
- * in principle( дипломатическое) принципиальная договоренность;
- to be in * with smb. соглашаться с кем-л;
- to come to an * on smth. with smb. прийти к соглашению по какому-л вопросу с кем-л;
договориться о чем-л с кем-л;
- to reach * with smb. достигнуть договоренности с кем-л;
- these is very little * about what to do нет единства мнений о том, что делать;
- that seemed to be in excellent * with his calculations это, видимо, вполне совпадало с его расчетами (грамматика) согласование (специальное) согласие, совпадение;
- * by order of magnitude совпадение по порядку величиныadoption ~ договор об усыновлении (удочерении)agency ~ агентский договор agency ~ агентское соглашение agency ~ договор о посредничестве agency ~ соглашение о посредничестве agency ~ соглашение об агентских услугахagreement договор, соглашение;
agreement by piece сдельная плата ~ договор ~ договоренность ~ контракт ~ совпадение ~ (взаимное) согласие;
agreement of opinion единомыслие;
to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению ~ согласие ~ грам. согласование ~ соглашение ~ соглашение (документ) ~ соответствиеagreement договор, соглашение;
agreement by piece сдельная плата~ for exchange of goods соглашение об обмене товарами~ in principle принципиальная договоренность ~ in principle принципиальное согласие~ (взаимное) согласие;
agreement of opinion единомыслие;
to come to an agreement прийти к соглашению~ on budget соглашение о бюджете~ on European economic cooperation договор о европейском экономическом сотрудничестве~ on tax reform соглашение о налоговой реформе~ on transfer of ownership договор о передаче собственности~ to sell соглашение о продажеassistance ~ соглашение о содействииauthor-publisher ~ договор автора с издателемbarter ~ соглашение о товарообменеbiennial wage ~ двухгодичное соглашение о заработной платеbilateral ~ двусторонний договорbring into ~ приводить в действие соглашение сcall-off purchase ~ соглашение о покупке с последующей поставкойcancel an agency ~ расторгать агентское соглашениеcancel an ~ аннулировать соглашениеcare ~ соглашение по уходу (за больным, инвалидом и т. п.)clearing ~ двусторонний клиринг clearing ~ соглашение о расчетахclosed-shop ~ соглашение о приеме на работу только членов определенного профсоюзаclosing ~ соглашение о взимании налоговcoalition ~ соглашение о коалицииcollective ~ коллективный договор collective: ~ коллективный;
совместный;
совокупный;
collective agreement коллективный договорcollective bargaining ~ коллективный договорcollective labour ~ коллективное трудовое соглашение collective labour ~ коллективный трудовой договорcollective wage ~ коллективное соглашение о заработной плате~ (взаимное) согласие;
agreement of opinion единомыслие;
to come to an agreement прийти к соглашениюcompany ~ договор с компаниейcompensation ~ компенсационное соглашениеconclude an ~ заключать соглашениеconcluded ~ заключенное соглашениеconditional sale ~ соглашение об условной продажеconservation ~ договор об охране природыconsignment ~ договор о поставке товара consignment ~ консигнационное соглашениеconsortium ~ соглашения о консорциумеconsumer ~ договор с потребителемcontractual ~ соглашение, основанное на договореcredit ~ соглашение о кредитованииcredit sale ~ соглашение о продаже в кредитcustomer ~ договор с покупателемdelivery ~ соглашение о доставкеdeposit ~ депозитное соглашение deposit ~ соглашение об открытии счета в банкеderogation ~ соглашение о частичной отмене законаexchange ~ соглашение об обменеexclusion ~ соглашение о запрещении въезда в странуexpress ~ точно сформулированное соглашениеfictitious ~ фиктивное соглашениеformation ~ соглашение об учрежденииframework ~ принципиальное соглашениеfranchising ~ соглашение о предоставлении привилегииfree trade ~ соглашение о свободной торговлеgeneral ~ генеральное соглашение general ~ общее соглашениеgentlemen's ~ джентльменское соглашениеgovernmental ~ правительственное соглашениеhire-purchase ~ договор о купле-продаже в рассрочкуhybrid ~ смешанное соглашениеindustrial peace ~ соглашение о мирном разрешении трудовых конфликтовinformal ~ неофициальное соглашениеinstalment ~ соглашение о частичных платежахinsurance ~ договор страхованияintercompany ~ межфирменное соглашениеintergovernmental ~ межправительственное соглашениеinterim ~ временное соглашениеjoint ~ совместное соглашение joint ~ совместный договорjoint sales ~ соглашение о совместной продажеjoint venture ~ соглашение о совместном предприятииlabour ~ трудовое соглашениеleasing ~ соглашение о долгосрочной арендеlicensing ~ лицензионное соглашениеlimited partnership ~ соглашение о создании компании с ограниченной ответственностьюlitigation ~ судебное соглашениеloan ~ договор о ссуде loan ~ контракт на получение кредита loan ~ кредитное соглашение loan ~ соглашение между эмитентом ценных бумаг и синдикатом гарантовmaintenace ~ договор о содержании, соглашение о содержании (ребенка, инвалида, пожилого человека)make an ~ заключать соглашение make an ~ приходить к соглашениюmarket sharing ~ соглашение о разделе рынкаmarketing ~ соглашение о сбыте продукцииmaster ~ соглашение двух сторон об основных условиях свопов, которые будут заключены между ними в течение оговоренного срокаmediation ~ арбитражное соглашениеmerger ~ договор о слиянии (компаний)monetary ~ валютное соглашениеnondisclosure ~ соглашение о неразглашенииopen ~ открытое соглашениеoral ~ устное соглашениеparol ~ простое соглашение parol ~ соглашение не за печатью parol ~ устное соглашениеpartnership ~ договор о партнерстве partnership ~ договор о сотрудничествеpay ~ платежное соглашениеpayment ~ платежное соглашениеpension ~ договор о пенсионном обеспечении pension ~ пенсионный договорpermanent ~ долгосрочное соглашение permanent ~ постоянное соглашениеpiece-work ~ договор о сдельной работеpolitical ~ политическое соглашениеportfolio management ~ соглашение об управлении портфелем ценных бумагpreferential ~ преференциальное соглашениеpro forma ~ формальное соглашениеpurchase ~ соглашение о покупкеquota ~ соглашение о квотеreach an ~ достигать соглашенияreciprocity ~ соглашение, основанное на взаимностиregulated ~ регулируемое соглашениеrevolving credit ~ соглашение о возобновляемом кредитеrough ~ вчт. приближенное согласиеsailing ~ соглашение о навигацииsalary ~ соглашение о заработной платеsales ~ договор о продажеsalvage ~ соглашение о производстве спасательных работ salvage ~ спасательный контракт, соглашение о производстве спасательных работ salvage ~ спасательный контрактsecrecy ~ секретное соглашениеseparate ~ соглашение о раздельном жительстве супруговseparation ~ соглашение о раздельном жительстве супруговsettlement ~ соглашение об урегулировании претензийshareholders' ~ соглашение между акционерамиshort-term ~ краткосрочное соглашениеsidestep an ~ отступать от соглашенияspecialization ~ соглашение о специализацииstevedoring ~ договор о погрузке или разгрузке корабляstowage ~ договор на стивидорные работыswap ~ соглашение о получении иностранной валюты на короткий срок в обмен на национальную для целей валютных интервенций swap ~ exc. соглашение о свопахtacit ~ юр. молчаливое согласиеtariff ~ соглашение о тарифах tariff ~ тарифное соглашениеtax ~ соглашение о налогахtechnology transfer ~ соглашение о передаче технологииtenancy ~ арендное соглашение tenancy ~ арендный договор tenancy ~ договор об арендеtentative ~ предварительное соглашениеterm repurchase ~ соглашение о покупке акций с последующим их выкупом через определенный срок и по обусловленной ценеtrade ~ торговое соглашениеtripartite ~ трехстороннее соглашениеtruce ~ соглашение о перемирииverbal ~ договоренность verbal ~ устное соглашениеwage ~ коллективный договор wage ~ соглашение о ставках заработной платыwar risk ~ соглашение о военных рискахБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > agreement
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9 aumento
Del verbo aumentar: ( conjugate aumentar) \ \
aumento es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
aumentó es: \ \3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativoMultiple Entries: aumentar aumento
aumentar ( conjugate aumentar) verbo transitivo ‹precio/sueldo› to increase, raiseb) (Opt) to magnifyverbo intransitivo [temperatura/presión] to rise; [ velocidad] to increase; [precio/producción/valor] to increase, rise; aumento de algo ‹de volumen/tamaño› to increase in sth; aumentó de peso he put on o gained weight
aumento sustantivo masculino aumento de temperatura rise in temperature; aumento de precio price rise o increase; aumento de sueldo salary increase, pay raise (AmE), pay rise (BrE)b) (Ópt) magnification;
aumentar
I verbo transitivo to increase Fot to enlarge Ópt to magnify
II vi (una cantidad) to go up, rise (de valor) to appreciate
aumento sustantivo masculino
1 increase
aumento de sueldo, pay rise
2 Fot enlargement
3 Ópt magnification ' aumento' also found in these entries: Spanish: lente - más - petición - producción - progresiva - progresivo - salarial - agudo - auge - aumentar - autorizar - bonificación - escalada - nubosidad - prever - prometido - rápido - representar - retroactivo - sensible - triple - valorización - votar English: appreciation - attribute - bolster - build-up - by - gain - growing - growth - hike - hysteria - improvement - increase - leap - mount - negotiate - of - raise - rise - surge - wage increase - build - glass - jump - pay - rising - settlement - up -
10 cheque
n
- accepted cheque
- accommodation cheque
- assignment cheque
- backed cheque
- bad cheque
- bank cheque
- banker's cheque
- bearer cheque
- blank cheque
- bounced cheque
- bouncing cheque
- cancelled cheque
- cashable cheque
- cashed cheque
- cashier's cheque
- certified cheque
- cleared cheque
- clearing cheque
- cross cheque
- crossed cheque
- current account cheque
- dishonoured cheque
- dud cheque
- false cheque
- forged cheque
- generally crossed cheque
- gift cheque
- house cheque
- international cheque
- kite cheque
- limited cheque
- marked cheque
- memorandum cheque
- multiple-payment cheque
- negotiable cheque
- nonnegotiable cheque
- open cheque
- order cheque
- out-of-date cheque
- outstanding cheque
- paid cheque
- pay cheque
- personal cheque
- personalized cheque
- postdated cheque
- protested cheque
- privatization cheque
- raised cheque
- redemption cheque
- returned cheque
- rubber cheque
- salary cheque
- self cheque
- single multipayment cheque
- sola cheque
- specifically crossed cheque
- stale cheque
- stopped cheque
- teller's cheque
- traveller's cheque
- treasurer's cheque
- uncleared cheque
- uncovered cheque
- uncrossed cheque
- unpaid cheque
- voucher cheque
- cheque against documents
- cheque in blank
- cheque in foreign currency
- cheque in settlement
- cheque on account
- cheque to bearer
- cheque without provision
- cheque drawn on a bank
- cancel a cheque
- cash a cheque
- change a cheque
- clear a cheque
- collect a cheque
- cover a cheque
- credit a cheque to smb
- cross a cheque
- deposit a cheque
- draw up a cheque
- draw up a cheque against one's account
- draw a cheque on a bank
- endorse a cheque
- hand over a cheque for
- issue a cheque to smb
- make out a cheque
- negotiate a cheque
- pay a cheque
- pay a cheque into one's account
- pay a cheque into a bank account
- pay by cheque
- present a cheque for payment
- protest a cheque
- refer the cheque to the drawer
- sign a cheque
- stop a cheque
- suspend a cheque
- write out a chequeEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > cheque
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11 payment
n1) погашение (долга)2) взнос4) pl платежный оборот
- additional payment
- advance payment
- alimony payment
- allowance payment
- amortization payment
- annual payment
- annuity payment
- anticipated payment
- average payment
- back payment
- balloon payment
- benefit payment
- bi-annual payment
- bilateral payments
- bonus payment
- budgetary payments
- cash payment
- cash down payment
- cash payments in advance
- cashless payment
- cheque payment
- clearing payment
- collection payment
- commercial payments
- commission payment
- compensation payment
- compensatory payment
- compulsory payment
- consignment payments
- contractual payments
- contractual termination payments
- coupon payments
- credit payments
- cross-border payments
- currency payments
- current payments
- cyclic interest payment
- debt service payment
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- immediate payment
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- wage payment
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- wrongful payments
- yearly payment
- payment after delivery
- payment against a bank guarantee
- payment against delivery of documents
- payment against dock receipt
- payment against documents
- payment against drafts
- payment against an invoice
- payment against a L/C
- payment against indebtedness
- payment against payment documents
- payment against presentation of documents
- payment against shipping documents
- payment against statement
- payment ahead of schedule
- payment ahead of time
- payment as per tariff
- payment at destination
- payment at sight
- payment before delivery
- payment by acceptance
- payment by cable transfers
- payment by cash
- payment in cash
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- payment by deliveries of products
- payment by drafts
- payment by the hour
- payment in installments
- payment by installments
- payment by the job
- payment by a L/C
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- payment forward
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- payment in and out of the current account
- payment in anticipation
- payment in arrears
- payment in cash
- payment in clearing currency
- payment in dollars
- payment in due course
- payment in favour of smb
- payment in foreign currency
- payment in full
- payment in gold
- payment in kind
- payment in lieu of vacation
- payment in local currency
- payment in national currency
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- payment in specie
- payment into an account
- payment into the bank
- payment in total
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- payment of fees
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- payment of a guarantee sum
- payment of hospital expenses
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- payment of interest
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- payment of an invoice
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- payment of medical expenses
- payment of money
- payment of a note
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- payment of principal
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- payment on an invoice
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- payment on an open account
- payment on open account billing
- payments on orders
- payment on presentation
- payment on request
- payment on the spot
- payment supra protest
- payment through a bank
- payment through clearing
- payment to the state budget
- payments under a contract
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- failing payment
- in payment
- payment received
- accelerate payment
- accept as payment
- adjust payments
- anticipate payment
- apply for payment
- approve payment
- arrange payment
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- be behind with one's payments
- cease payments
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- default on mortgage payments
- defer payment
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- demand payment
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- exempt from payment
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- forgo payment of a dividend
- forward payment
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- make payment
- make a cash payment
- miss interest and dividend payments
- negotiate payment of fees
- outlaw payment of bribes
- pass for payment
- postpone payment
- present for payment
- press for payment
- process payment
- prolong payment
- put off payment
- receive payment
- refuse payment
- release from payment
- remit payment
- request payment
- require payment
- reschedule pledged payments
- restructure payments
- resume payments
- secure payment
- settle payments
- speed up payment
- spread payments
- stop payments
- stretch out payments
- suspend payments
- transact payment
- transfer payment
- waive dividend payments
- withhold paymentEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > payment
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12 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN
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